2015年2月13日 星期五

哲學不難2-2:為什麼要問為什麼?

這次探討的是哲學重要的"心態",也就是"好奇"。人類本就是好奇的,科學家和哲學家尤其如此。但是我們現在的教育,卻並不這麼正確的鼓勵發問。
當然,我說"正確的發問",對比的就是不正確的發問。一直問問題不代表一個人很有思考力,相反的,我看到很多一直發問的人,反而是亂問一通,也就是"沒有經過自我批判反省的問題"。一個問題被問出來必須要有深度,而那深度是要靠自我思考提升的。當然,對台灣教育而言,還是先從培養發問和討論開始吧。

為什麼要問為什麼?
    凡住在大宇村的沒有人不認識小思,為什麼呢?因為他太常問「為什麼」了!他什麼都能問,像姊姊帶他去游泳時:
    「好奇怪!姊姊,為什麼大家能浮在水上?」
    「這有什麼好奇怪!」姊姊很不耐煩:「因為有水撐著啊!」
    「可是,」小思指指天上:「飛機不靠水,也能浮在天上耶?」
    又或者和同學們玩遊戲時:
    「好奇怪!」小思說:「為什麼是一二三木頭人,不是一二三機器人呢?」
    「這有什麼好奇怪!」同學搖搖頭:「規定就是這樣嘛!」
    「那是誰規定的?」小思追問。
    「誰知道啊!」
    小思的「為什麼」讓大家都不知該怎麼回答,所以大家一看到他就跑得遠遠的,深怕被問「為什麼」。
小思很苦惱,因為總是沒有答案;小思的爸媽也很苦惱,覺得他一定是生什麼怪病。他們送小思到村裡最聰明的女巫家,希望能治好這個「為什麼」病。
「放心吧,這種病不但不壞,還很好呢!」女巫笑著說:「只需要一點點改變……」
但爸媽可不覺得有什麼好,他們只希望小思別再亂問問題了!

「好奇怪!」
「嗯?」女巫端著烤餅乾出來。
小思指著冰果汁杯問:「為什麼這麼多水珠在杯子外?」
「那為什麼早晨時樹葉上也有水珠呢?」女巫反問。
「對耶。都是水珠,會不會有關呢?」
女巫轉身從書架上取出一本百科全書:「讓我們查查看吧!」
十分鐘後,小思指著他的答案:「真的有耶!太棒了!」
但小思的問題還沒結束呢。當他說完「謝謝」,拿起餅乾與果汁時,忽然又想到了什麼。
「好奇怪,」他問:「為什麼要說『謝謝』呢?」
「你覺得呢?」女巫坐下微笑地問。
「因為媽媽規定的?」
女巫問:「所以如果沒規定就不用說?」
「還是要啊。」小思肯定地回答:「無論如何都要說,這樣才有禮貌,而且別人才會開心……啊!」
小思的眼睛亮了起來:「所以是為了讓別人開心?」
「嗯,」女巫想了想:「有可能?但應該還有別的理由,我相信你可以找到更多答案。」
「更多答案?」小思好奇地問:「問題不是只有一個答案嗎?」
「要看你問了什麼問題唷。」女巫說:「就拿剛剛你問的問題來說吧。有些問題是科學上的,那麼你可以從書上找到答案;另外有些問題,雖然我們也能問不同人,看不同書去找解答,但答案可能完全不同。」
「因為大家想的都不一樣?」小思問。
「沒錯。」女巫點點頭:「不過,如果你看到什麼事都習以為常,而不問『為什麼』,那就不會有答案了。」
「所以我可以一直問『為什麼』囉!」小思開心地跳起來。
「『對』,也『不對』。」女巫想了想:「用說得不清楚,不如玩個小遊戲來證明吧。」
於是她唸出一串咒語。小思看到眼前強光一閃,連忙閉上眼睛。當再度睜開眼時,他不敢相信自己所看到的。
「是真的糖果屋!」
可不是嗎?在他面前的軟糖窗口和巧克力屋頂,不是糖果屋是什麼?小思急著想過去,但卻發現前面有一條河,橫在自己與糖果屋之間。怎麼辦呢?
小思用拜託的眼神看向女巫:「可以用妳的魔法飛過去嗎?」
「不行,你要自己想。」女巫笑道:「現在你碰到一個『問題』了,接著呢?」
「得找到答案才行。」
小思想了想。
「嗯……首先,看看河水深不深。」他走過去用一旁的竹竿小心探了探,卻碰不到底。
「哇,那麼深,看來不能直接過了。」小思苦惱地說。
「總有別的方法吧?」女巫眨眨眼:「我可以幫你一些些唷。」
「用滑翔翼!我在電視上看過!」他開心地拍手:「熱氣球!搭橋!坐船!」
「哦?全都要試試看嗎?」
小思點點頭,女巫於是從口袋中拿出一張紙,吹口氣,將滑翔翼、熱氣球和橋,通通變出來。
「糟糕,滑翔翼要在高的地方才能用。」小思接著拉了拉熱氣球:「船和熱氣球雖然好玩,我卻不會開。」
「還是橋最好!」他決定。
女巫也點點頭。
果然成功了!小思輕鬆走過橋,準備大快朵頤。可當他張開口時……

「小思,你幹嘛咬棉被啊!」媽媽的叫聲嚇了小思一跳,他這才發現,自己原來還躺在床上!
他一坐起來,媽媽就露出擔心的表情……但奇怪,這次小思卻沒問「為什麼」,而是說:「我知道了!」
究竟小思知道什麼呢?

◎小提示:為什麼要問「為什麼」?有哪些答案自己找比較好,有哪些問別人比較好?

哲學工具箱 
美國哲學家杜威教 大家「動動腦」解決問題!
第一步,聯想:觀察四周,想想以前是怎麼處理的?
第二步,理智化:別擔心,別害怕,看清楚問題在哪?
第三步,假設:想出各種可能的方法。
第四步,推理:想想用不同方法的困難是什麼?結果是什麼?
第五步,驗證:找出最好的方法,實際試試看!
故事中的小思運用這幾個方法找到答案,你也可以喔!

哲學家異言堂:
(古希臘)蘇格拉底:「為了知道更多,我不斷問問題 。」
(古希臘)亞里士多德:「哲學起源於好奇 !」
(古中國)孔子:「對於自己不了解的事,不要不懂裝懂,應該問真正懂得人!」


「一休和尚」的圖片搜尋結果
古早古早時這部卡通裡出現過一個角色,"為什麼小弟弟",
這篇的故事形象就是從那來的。沒記錯的話,一休被問到崩潰過XD

 註解一.  John Dewey 19世紀美國哲學家,步驟出自”How do we think”(思維術)
各步驟名詞參考書籍為教育規準論
 註解二 蘇格拉底那句沒有原句,事實上他是說問了許多有智慧的人後,我發現自己是無知的。(中間省略)
註解三孔子原文出於子入太廟,每事問。

2015年2月5日 星期四

哲學不難2-1:我是誰?

不論是中國或者西方哲學,對於自我的探究都是相當重要的。因此,我認為作為哲學不難新版的第一篇,必須先從"我"這個概念開始。
現在回頭看起來,借用莊子的那段還是有點難。不過對高年級的小孩,或許家長陪讀的話還是能理解吧?我以前實習的時候教國二生,他們學完這個以後還現學現賣,用到作文裡,超強的XD

張老師一進教室,無數雙眼睛便同時轉向她。這是三年五班第一天上課,也是同學們第一次見面。
    「各位同學,」張老師說:「歡迎來到新班級!為了認識彼此,請各位先來自我介紹。」
    「不過,和過去不同的是,其他人也能問問題喔--『任何問題』,但要針對這三個字。」
    她在黑板寫上:「我是誰?」
    大家偷偷想,這麼簡單,有什麼好問的?
    陳小光首先舉手:「我是陳小光,今年九歲,臺灣人,沒了。」
    聽到「沒了」的時候全班哈哈大笑。小光一臉得意,正要坐下時,卻被老師攔阻:「小光,別急,我想問幾個問題。」
    老師對全班問道:「九歲的舉手。」
    大多數都舉手了。
    「是臺灣人的舉手。」
    連老師也舉手了,大家大笑。
    「九歲的臺灣人舉手。」
    刷,過半數。
    「你看,同樣是九歲的臺灣人有這麼多。」老師問:「光憑這兩點怎麼找到你?」
    小光連忙說:「但只有我叫陳小光!」
    「哪有,我幼稚園同學也叫陳小光。」一個綁麻花辮的女孩舉手說。
    「妳是?」老師問。
「林小圓。」
「小圓,老師也要考考妳。」老師說:「如果妳和小光名字互換,那麼妳是誰?」
「嗯……」小圓想了想:「我是『陳小光』?」
「那我不就變成『林小圓』了!」陳小光大叫:「我不要當女生!」
「你又沒變女生!」其他人說。
「由此可知,名字等於你自己嗎?」
「不是。」
「加上年紀、國籍呢?」
「也不行。」
「老師,我懂了。」一個戴眼鏡的男孩說:「加上『更詳細的』資料呢?」
「試試看囉?」
他站起來:「我叫盧小敏。住在台北縣中和市建一路253號九樓,爸爸是盧大寶,媽媽是王美美,妹妹叫盧小巧……
「女朋友是林小圓!」陳小光大聲接話,全班發出「噁」的怪聲。
林小圓和盧小敏大聲反駁,老師也連忙制止。
「小光,拿這個開玩笑不太好吧。」
小光吐吐舌頭道歉。
「回到正題。小敏的方法有沒有效呢?」老師看向小敏,小敏很自信的推了推眼鏡。
「想像一下,小敏。如果有一天你什麼都忘記了,記不得自己的地址、家人的名字、電話,所有的東西……那麼『你』是誰?」
「『我』……是三年五班的學生?」
「連這也忘了呢?」
「我是……林小圓的同學……?
「不,你只記得自己。」老師說完,不只是小敏,全班都陷入一股思考的沈靜中。
到底「我」是誰?
「想想看,還有哪些是關於你自己的?哪些讓你與別人不同?」
「我想到了。」小敏再次發言:「我有想做的事:成為可以幫助很多人的人。」
這句一出,許多同學都叫道:「賣假啦!」
老師提醒大家:「各位同學,要注意囉,這是小敏『自己』的希望,很了不起呢!小敏的思考方向不錯,大家還有什麼想法?」
小圓也舉手發言:「我也知道『自己』的不同了。我會很多東西,像是扯鈴、珠算、彈鋼琴。」
「這些東西妳全學會了嗎?」
「沒有,很多都還不太行……老師常說我琴彈不好。」
「除了老師告訴妳外,還可以怎麼知道自己會多少?」
「嗯……」小圓想了想:「哦,我自己想出來的。」
台下有個聲音補充:「我知道,那就是『反省』!」
「沒錯。」張老師笑著說:「反省可以讓我們更認識自己,知道自己懂什麼,還有什麼不懂,需要改進。不只才藝,還包括你的知識、態度、期望……任何東西。」
「老師,那怎麼知道自己反省的是對的?」小光問。
「很好的問題。大家有什麼好方法啊?」
台下交頭接耳起來,不久,各式各樣的答案紛紛出籠:
「問其他人,跟人家討論!」
「去看書,書上有寫很多道理,再跟自己比較!」
「想的時候不要只想自己喜歡的事……
「太好了。」張老師拍拍手:「這些都是很好的方法……不過小光好像還有問題?」
「老師,你不要笑我喔。」
老師點點頭,讓小光繼續說。
「是這樣啦,昨天晚上,我夢到自己變成火星人。」
一聽到「火星人」,全班笑翻了。
「聽我說嘛!」小光說:「變成火星人以後,我搭飛碟到好多星球,完全忘了自己是陳小光!醒來以後當然又記得了,可是……
「該不會現在我以為自己是陳小光,但其實這裡才是夢?」小光問:「說不定我真的是火星人?」
大家聽了議論紛紛。
「很好的問題,小光。」張老師笑道。
「啊!會不會連『我』都是假的!其實根本沒有『我』!」小敏石破天驚地問。
「哦?」張老師問:「那現在是誰在和我討論?是誰在想這些答案啊?」
全班靜下來一會後,異口同聲地說。
「是『我』自己!」
噹。
第一堂課的鐘聲也在此時響起。
現在還有人記得這個嗎?說到我是誰,就會想到他啊!
(是說,Jacky的鼻子好大啊)

哲學家異言堂:
(古希臘)蘇格拉底:「哲學最重要的事就是『認識你自己』!反省是最好的方法。」
(古中國)孔子:「我也認為反省非常重要,透過反省,你才能瞭解自己學到什麼,做得對不對。」
(古中國)莊子:「我是我,還是夢中的蝴蝶?可以確定的是,不管是我還是蝴蝶,都悠遊自在……
16世紀法國)笛卡爾:「我思考,所以我存在--在思考時,我便能確切地感受到自己。」
19世紀德國)尼采:「每個人都能決定自己能做什麼事,完成什麼夢想,讓自己變成怎樣的人!」

2015年2月4日 星期三

變革。挑戰。教育的新嘗試。

(好久沒更新啦)
話說回來,沒更新的理由也是因為要等地球公民把文章刊登完,作為資料庫的這裡才能更新……不,算了,老實說就是我又忙又懶啦。

回到正題。哲學不難第二部是在第一部連載一年後開始的,在新的一年,我收到編輯的信:
"能不能改用故事的方式討論哲學議題呢?"
是這樣的,原來的哲學不難設計是針對哲學家,也就是哲學課程中主流的哲學史發展介紹。但這樣一來,故事性自然降低很多,文章也變得比較像知識介紹,缺少互動感。
"不然這樣感覺好像是哲學家不難,不是哲學不難捏!"
既然編輯大大這麼說(而且超有道理的),我也就想想辦法改革啦。
不過,大家應該都知道吧,要寫出可以進行探討的哲學故事,雖然很有趣,但難度是比哲學家介紹還高很多的。
更何況,要怎麼樣才能把哲學知識自然帶入故事裡,而不會變成作者自嗨,這更是一大挑戰。大家可以想像成是寫一篇哲學論文,必須引用你所認識的哲學概念,推敲那些大頭會講什麼話……而且那篇論文還得是小讀者也看得懂的(別忘了我們的主要讀者是國小和國中生)。
這種多重考驗對新手寫手來說真的不容易。再加上我當時只是個教育哲學碩士生,理論只是略懂略懂,訓練也沒有很夠。連理解某些大咖在講什麼都有點難了,何況要運用?
"讓我想一想吧。"
                           
那時候我是這樣回的,然後呢?就立刻討救兵了。
我試寫了第二部的第一篇故事,然後拿給系上的林逢祺教授和洪仁進教授看。很感謝的是,他們義不容辭的答應了,而且洪老師還拿給女兒評比("所以說,有些用詞還是要更淺顯一點啦!")。
在結合老師意見修正之後,這篇論文……不,這篇一千八百字的短篇故事,終於交到了編輯手上。
編輯表示"還不錯"。於是這就是我們第二部開始新的模式了。
第二部的故事總共有六篇,因為我是兩個月交一篇,所以這就是一年份的了。這六個故事很集中在探討一些哲學,尤其是教育哲學的議題,和第三部後期的故事很不一樣。現在看來,這似乎反映出我從師大教育所到UCLA研究傾向的轉變。
同時間創作的滿月堂似乎也在這種發展下有些變化,只能說,周遭環境果然會影響創作吧!

2014年4月29日 星期二

Comments to "The Ghost in the Mountain"

Greetings Fang-Tzu,

Congratulations on your recent accomplishment! You should be very proud of your writing and your ability to showcase your skills. The judges enjoyed your piece and provided the following feedback on your writing:

"This story has some very interesting elements and you undertook the challenging task of blending reality and fantasy (fable). There needs to be a clearer more understanding link between the real world moments and the fantasy moments and the final result of blending them should have a stronger pay off or impact on the reader at the conclusion of your story."

"Some nice images, but this piece remains a bit cryptic. I needed something more concrete. I do appreciate some of the atmospheric touches."

"I love how wise she is and how she looks at him and says "You look like him. But you are so different." The difference doesn't have to be explained- I'm so glad you don't. The fairy tale aspect makes me think of the English writer Neil Gaiman. You should check out his stories."
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Well, of course, if readers have more background knowledge about the meaning of "September 9", and Chu Ci, this story will probably be more interesting. However, this is my intention that not to explain these cultural meanings. I do believe a good story should allow readers have their own fantasy. This is, indeed, not a Chinese cultural dictionary. 
However, I notice cultural difference still exist. Asian countries seem to be in the other world.....
But again, it is not that different actually. We still share the same Neil Gaiman story!!

LACMA, I really like this outdoor design. Put this photo for no reason.
  

第一篇試寫的英文短篇小說:The Ghost in the Mountain 2(山鬼)

Maybe he was crazy.
    In his dreams, she was a divine mystery. She came only in the midnight of the deep dark dreams. Sometimes she dressed in flowers, but most of time she dressed in leaves. They always met on an old mountain trail, except one night.
    She rode a red leopard like an Amazon warrior.
    “Why you never speak?” He asked.
There were no answers. She stared at him as usual. As if she was waiting for something.
Then, there was a voice in the wind.
“Come.” the voice said. “Come to the mountain. It is time to return.”
He remembered who said that before.

He was awakened from the dream, when the clock knocked twelve.
Then he noticed that day was September 9th .
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He did go to some mountains.
He visited Mount Rushmore to see the four heads. He went to Yellowstone to see its fierce beauty. He stood on the Eagle Point…
But none of them had the old trail in his dream.

He sat by the bonfire in Yosemite Park at that night.
It was in a late September. He went to the place with a group of people, but during the night, he was alone.
He was in the mountain, a deep quite mountain.
Suddenly, he heard that voice.
“Here you are.”
She was here!
He saw the woman in his dreams. She stood in front of him. Under the shadow of trees, she looked like an ancient Greek status under the moonlight. She dressed nothing. She was naked.
“Come with me.”
He followed her order, as if there was no choice.
Then they walked on that mountain trail.
When he walked he saw her body. He knew it was not belong to a human being, but still, he thought it was charming. That was nothing related to sexual desire. Actually, when he thought about sex, it made him feel guilty.
They kept silent.
They walked through the forest without a voice, just like ghosts in the mountain.
It was just like his usual dreams, except the ending part. She led him to the end of the trail, which never happened.
“This is it.”
He wondered what was behind the tall trees.
They walked through the trees.

The glare of the suns almost blinded his eyes.
After he got used to the light, he saw there were nine suns on the east sky. On the west sky, however, was a crystal moon. There was a woman on that.
He was shocked. He was stunned. He saw flying dragons playing on the clouds. He saw them bringing the water from the heaven to the earth.
He saw a giant running across the land. The giant drank the rivers when he got thirsty and rested by his walking stick, which grew into a giant tree.
In the tree, there were thousands of unnamed birds. They sang different stories with human voices. Most of the stories had already been forgotten. Most of the stories he had never heard.
They were far, far away and long, long time ago…
“You are Shan-Gui.” He called her name. “You are the goddess of the mountain.”
She smiled as usual.
And she talked.
“Several years ago, you took away something from me.” She spoke in fluent Chinese, which he could hardly understand. “Now it is time to return.”
She put her hand into his chest pocket, and took out something.
It was the tin box.
“It must be important.” He remembered what his father said.
She opened the box and poured it out.
There was nothing but black dirt.
The same color of the ground, where they stood on.
“It is just dirt.” He heard he said.
Shan-Gui looked at him surprisingly. She stared at him.
Then she smiled sadly as if she noticed something.
“You look alike.” She said. “But you are so different.”
He noticed he made a mistake. He wanted to say something to remedy, but it was too late.

All of a sudden, he found himself falling into a dark world.
It was night. It was quite.
He sat by the bonfire alone, but he felt so cold.
He returned to his world again. It was the world with no magic, no tales, and no memory.
He saw the tin box on the ground. He picked it up and looked into it.
But it was empty.
Suddenly, he felt so tired.
He closed his eyes.

He knew there would be no dreams tonight.  
I do not know who draw this, but I like this feeling. you can hardly tell how this goddess looks like.
She is no more than a concept.

第一篇試寫的英文短篇小說:The Ghost in the Mountain 1(山鬼)

如果是中文讀者的話,看到"山鬼"應該就知道這篇內容用的是什麼神話了吧。
If you are a Chinese speaker, you probably know which mystery this story is based on.
這是我第一次創作的英文故事,比中文要困難很多。
This is my first English story. Indeed, it is much more difficult than creating a Chinese one.
雖說是為了投稿UCLA Kurnitz Award寫的,但也算是我給自己的一個挑戰。
Although this is for UCLA Kurnitz Award, I see this as a challenge which I set up for my self too.
僅以此文獻給我的爺爺,一位二戰戰士,我們家族中第一個來美國留學的人。
I dedicate this story and its meaning to my grandfather, a WWⅡ warrior, the first person who went abroad study to the USA in my family.
順帶一題,以下的就只有英文,沒中文翻譯了,因為我很懶。
No translation! I am lazy!!!(??)
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There was the same woman in his dreams.
She was the most beautiful woman that he had even seen. She was, an Asian, just like him. Her hair was dark as night cloud, her lips were red as cherries, and her body was covered by unnamed plants.
She was there.
    He still remembered how his dreams started.
They started with an old trail in the mountain, a deep quite mountain. There were tall trees surrounded. He looked upon, but the green leaves cover above. He could barely see the sky.    
    She smiled.
    “Who are you?” He probably has asked, but there was no answer.
    He heard the whisper of gentle wind.
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    He could not remember when the first time they met in his dream was. Probably right after September 9th, the day he became a university student, the day he moved to west Los Angeles, and the seventh day after his grandfather passed away. The death of his family member made him more sentimental than usual, but he could not tell whether this change was owing to the sorrow, or the shock of death itself.  
    He could hardly know who his grandfather was.
    Of course, he knew something. He knew that his grandfather was a soldier, who served for air force. It was the late World War, while Chinese and Japanese were fighting fiercely in the far east battle field. A few years after people celebrated the victory of China, for some reasons that he would never know, his grandfather immigrated to the U.S.A.
His father said it was because of the Civil War in China. Many warriors, who were like his grandfather, got killed during that time. But his grandfather survived.
    However, he did not win his last war.
    That was a painful memory about grandfather’s last few days. Grandfather slept a lot. But sometimes, when he woke up, he called out people’s names and chatted with them as they were there. They were his family members, his friends, and his colleagues, who stayed in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China. Grandfather was happy, so no one dared to remind him that those people had already gone.
At one night, he heard his grandfather singing. He sang softly. He sang quietly. He sang, just like the whisper of the gentle wind.
“It is time to return.” Grandfather sang.
    On the next day, he had gone.
    Grandfather died in his garden. No one knew the reason why he walked outside in the midnight. When they found him, he had something in his hand. It was a small tin box, which no one had ever seen.
    “It must be important.” His father said.
    But no one knew what was inside. The box was locked. There were no ways to open it.
He kept the box as a memory of his grandfather.
    The day after the funeral, she came into his dream.
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    “She must be a ghost.” His friend Sam guessed. “She was probably your grandfather’s friend.”
    “Perhaps.” He said. “But I do not understand. Why we always meet in the mountain?”
    “Maybe she lived in the mountain.” Sam shruged. “Or she died in that mountain.”
    He tried to find the clues about the ghost in the mountain. Frustratingly, neither encyclopedia nor Google helped. Most of the ghost stories he found were no more than dumb stories written in cheap novels, except one.
    That was an ancient Chinese tale.
    “…She is the ghost in the mountain. She is the forgotten goddess. She clads in the creeping vine and ivy. Her vision is gentle and her smile is charming…
    “Shan-Gui.” That was how people called her. That was her name.
    She was a beautiful goddess who waited in the mountain for her lover.
    He would rather believe she was the one in his dream.
    He never told his parents what he found. Actually, he did not even mention about the woman in his dreams. His parents were devout Christians. Both of them were active members of the community church. He could imagine what would happen if they know there was a ghost.
    “She is such a beautiful woman.” He explained to his friend. “I mean, you won’t feel creepy when she looks into your eyes. Her smile is so lovely and so real. It doesn’t look like imagination. It is like something comes from your old memory…”
    “You are nut.” Sam said.
When my grandfather was still alive, he said he was trained as a pilot in the USA during the end of WWⅡ.
He did not really join the anti-Japanese battle, but he did fly for the Civil War.
I am not sure whether I inherit this pilot spirit, but I do like to image what is above the sky.

2014年4月20日 星期日

4/21 我們該不該談政治?

最近因為太陽花運動的關係,讓許多教育界和文界的知名人士跳入戰場,發表自己的政治理念,更有教授級的學者表達自己的立場。有些甚至還變成考題XD(不引用了,請自行估狗李茂生教授的神奇考題)

跳脫那些鬼打牆的藍綠統獨問題,我今天想問的是:教育和藝術創作到底該不該牽涉政治?

在回答自己的問題以前,我想應該先稍微談一下政治的定義。"治理眾人之事"應該是個耳熟能詳的定義,不過我更喜歡以下這個:
“Education as a specifically human action has a “directive” vocation, that is, it addresses itself to dreams, ideals, utopias, objectives, to what I have been calling the “political” nature of education. In other words, the quality of being political is inherent in its essence.”
"教育是一種人類特有的行動,它是種具有引導性質的職業。也就是說,教育導向的是夢想,理念,理想世界,和某些目的。這就是我說的教育的"政治"本質。換言之,教育的本質就是政治性。"(出自保羅‧弗雷勒遺作"自由的教育" p.100)

在這個定義裡,什麼是政治?一切有關人與人間的不公平,不正義是政治,因此舉凡性別、種族和階級的差異都是政治。
什麼是政治?一切關於人類對美好社會的希望,對人類基本權力的追求,與對自由、民主、正義的理想,都是政治。
政治無所不在,因為這些就是存在於我們人類社會中每天經歷到的一切。我們會對社會的亂象感到傷心,會對自己受到不公平的對待感到憤怒,都是政治的一部分。因為我們的比較基準,和我們對世界的期待都指向一個目標:我們心目中的理想世界。

但是我們好像常聽到這些話:
"教育應該秉持中立原則,請不要在課堂上討論政治。"
"我的創作是純藝術,不要用色情或政治的眼光批評。"
這樣一來就很奇怪了,才說教育的本質是政治,現在又說不要碰政治,那教育的本質又是什麼東西?

有的人會說:啊,是因為對政治的定義不一樣啦。Freire的定義這麼廣,法律的政治定義是說不能碰敏感議題,當然不同囉。
是嗎?
因為我是教育所,所以還是從教學來看吧。
今天假設學生問我  "老師,太陽花學運到底在吵什麼?"
我的回答能不政治嗎?
我一旦回答就會有某個立場,而那個立場會基於我對理想社會的期待來決定。那麼我的回答不就一定有政治性了嗎?
要做到政治中立的無菌室,只有一個回答有可能:
"這個我不想談,來上課吧。"
"你們在學校裡學的都是知識,和政治無關。"

"我的作品是為藝術而藝術,沒有別的目的。"
聽起來很有異曲同工之妙吧?

今天是復活節,我和教會裡一位英語系大學部的同學談到教學的事。他是位拉丁裔美國人,他說他要用Hip-hop 為非裔和拉丁裔的學生進行文學教學。他希望他未來的學生能從這些政治反諷的創作中,抵抗社會的不公,挺身為弱勢族群發聲。
他不是第一個要用藝術對抗體系的人,但他的問題卻讓我深思了。

"你們台灣流行音樂沒有對社會的批評?那你們的流行音樂有什麼?"
我說,大概是愛情之類的。
我對自己的回答感到很震撼。因為同樣的問題可以繼續延伸:
"台灣的文壇不討論社會議題,不關心弱勢族群,那這麼這些文章都在寫些什麼?"
"台灣連社會科教學都不敢談論時事,連法律系都不敢碰政治議題,那學生怎麼知道要如何解析社會上發生的事?"
對此我只有一個推想,就是我們雖然已經走出歷史陰影,成為民主國家,但我們的民主素養還不足以導向自由。我們很怕被迫選邊站,很怕被某些族群歸類,所以我們就"為教育而教育,為藝術而藝術"全都搞傷春悲秋的後現代文學,全都搞藝術性很高但正常人完全讀不通文句的作品,全都關心自己遭遇有多悲慘,全都搞私小說去了(啊,得罪得罪。)

我們忘了什麼?
我們忘了文學與教育的力量來自對理想社會的期許。
我們忘了文學與教育的力量來自對社會正義的追求。
我們忘了只有人類本質與人類尊嚴超越藍綠統獨。然後我們以為吵贏藍或綠就好了,我們以為喊統一或獨立喊的很大聲,就可以改變我們沒有國際觀、沒有文化競爭力,虧待自己人民還沾沾自喜,目光短淺只看島內,對某些國家彎弓哈腰,對某些國家又種族歧視的事實
如果這些不是政治,還有什麼是政治?
Hammer美術館牆上標語"現在你們不該把對方搞瘋"
此展覽是60-70s一群藝術家透過作品對當代
性別,階級與種族歧視的批評(這次圖文終於有關了)